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Without institutional changes in the countries restructuring their political-economic and social system, it would be impossible to achieve a goal, which establishes an efficient and competitive economy. This policy requires not only the forming of financial markets and institutions, but also a deep reform of economic life. Therefore, the subject of this article are the clearly obvious transformation processes in Central and Eastern Europe after 1989, such as Ukraine after 2004. In the first part of this article, the author indicates the determinants of the transformation process in the Central and Eastern European countries, characterizing, e.g., such factors as the geopolitical location of a country, the achieved level of economic development before 1989, or the depth of the reforms and their social acceptance. However, it is the second part of the article which is its essence, as it presents how some of the elements of the transformation theory have affected different aspects of social, political and economic life of the country and at the same time allows exposure of a series of myths concerning transformation. ; Without institutional changes in the countries restructuring their political-economic and social system, it would be impossible to achieve a goal, which establishes an efficient and competitive economy. This policy requires not only the forming of financial markets and institutions, but also a deep reform of economic life. Therefore, the subject of this article are the clearly obvious transformation processes in Central and Eastern Europe after 1989, such as Ukraine after 2004. In the first part of this article, the author indicates the determinants of the transformation process in the Central and Eastern European countries, characterizing, e.g., such factors as the geopolitical location of a country, the achieved level of economic development before 1989, or the depth of the reforms and their social acceptance. However, it is the second part of the article which is its essence, as it presents how some of the elements of the transformation theory have affected different aspects of social, political and economic life of the country and at the same time allows exposure of a series of myths concerning transformation.

State law. About aporia of legal term in Polish and German science of politics
The cognitive object of the science of a state law is its political system. This definition, however, does not expand all the elements necessary to circumscribe the proper understanding of this concept. Referring to the etymology in German (Staatsrechtslehre), we are talking about the science of state law. Thus, the object of analysis, according to literal understanding of the concept, would be state (Staat), not his – anyhow defined – political system. This semantic inconvenience surprises here so far as it needs to be taken into account that for the ancient Greeks, not the state (πολιτεια), but politics (πολιτικά) meant the whole doctrine of state (πολιτική επιστήμη). Experience of the ancient Roman jurisprudence has brought in this issue fundamental change. From then on law, dichotomously divided according to the criterion of "benefits" (utilitas) into private (jus civile) and public (jus publicum), will be seen as a whole legal system that regulates social relations between people, people and assets and people and the state. In contrast, however, to the private law, protecting the interests of individuals, the task of public law is to guard the common interest, thereby bringing benefits to society as a whole.

It is beyond dispute that both China and the European Union stand to gain from promoting low-carbon development through the dissemination of clean and renewable energy sources, as this inevitably leads to increased environmental protection. The depletion of fossil fuel resources and the accompanying changes in the global energy mix make Europe and China not only competitors in the global economic race, but also nolens volens partners. Their pragmatic partnership is characterized, on the one hand, by the need to take action to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and, on the other, by the desire to minimize the negative environmental impact of their use. Hence, the existing and emerging cooperation between the two actors, while challenging for a number of reasons, is not only an attempt to set up channels to exchange vital information, but also an exercise in setting the standards under which further cooperation will be forged.